New grapes needed to keep wine flowing
The future of wine-making depends on developing new varieties of grape, scientists say – and maps of the grape genome can help provide them. Disease is a constant issue for growers; but new regulations are likely to curb the use of chemical treatments. Writing in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), they say this type of data plots the way to disease-resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties whose wine we like to drink – merlot, chardonnay, semillon, riesling and the rest – have mainly been developed from one species, Vitis vinifera vinifera. It was probably “domesticated” about 5,000 years ago, in or close to what is now Turkey.Since then, it has become the staple for wine-making as far from its homeland as Australia, Chile, the US and South Africa.
Vinifera has been honed into hundreds of varieties, red and white; but the grapes are all still members of the same species, with limited cross-breeding between different varieties. “The degree to which that was done seems to have been extremely limited,” said Sean Myles, lead author on the new study. Vinifera grapes have no natural resistance; and in Australia alone, dealing with this disease costs an estimated $100m per year, largely through the fungicidal chemicals that are used to protect vines. Seventy percent of fungicides used in US agriculture are sprayed in vineyards. But as the EU – which still produces nearly 70% of the world’s wine – seeks to improve the environmental footprint of its farm sector, the bloc is trying to reduce the use of such chemicals.
Scientists from several institutions have been trying to develop new grape varieties that are immune to infection, either through cross-breeding with resistant species or through manipulating the genes that make plants susceptible to infection and damage. Then wine has to be made, tasted and assessed before growers know whether they have something viable; and even if they do, there is no guarantee that people will take to the taste over their preferred varieties. “If you know the genetic markers associated with these traits, you can plant them out as seedlings, look at its DNA as soon as you get the first leaf tissue, and say for example ‘we’ll keep these five because we know their genetic profiles are associated with the traits we’re interested in’,” said Dr Myles.
Visualizza l’articolo su: BBC News
Università LUM “Jean Monnet”
Maria Teresa Riggio: mery8716@libero.it
Corso di Marketing Internazionale a.a. 2010/2011
Prof. Roberto De Donno: roberto@dedonno.ne












